​The problem of other minds is a challenging question posed in philosophy that attempts to undermine our belief in the fact that consciousness exists in other people. Its proposed solutions and historical relevance have important implications for our everyday conduct.

John Rawls was an American political philosopher from the twentieth century whose ideas revived political philosophy. 

Philip Pettit is an Irish political and ethical philosopher who reframed how to view freedom as a form of non-domination. This contextualizes  freedom from an abstract concept to a real world theory with explanatory power.

​Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher during the Enlightenment who revolutionized economics, politics, and sociology, making important contributions that can reframe how we view society today.

​Thomas Paine was an American political philosopher famous for his impact and reflections on two of the most important moments in history: the American Revolution and the French Revolution. His conception of government thus can survive the test of time to offer advice for today.

​Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an Enlightenment political philosopher who was one of the originators of the idea of a social contract and was a proponent of natural human freedom in contrast to the restrictions of society.

​Jean-Paul Sartre’s seemingly pessimist philosophy of existentialism offers a path to fulfillment in a world of constant struggles.

​Thomas Hobbes and his absolutist thesis may seem outdated, but applying his core ideas and learning from his mistakes today may be essential for a functioning society.

​Democracy today is in crisis. Populism, climate change, authoritarianism, income inequality, structural racism, and more all threaten the very foundation of democratic ideals. Yet, Chantal Mouffe’s vision of a radical agonistic democracy offers a solution.

​Despite the fact that its unwavering commitment to individual freedom appears to come into conflict with societal interests, libertarianism can in fact be compatible with public health measures like mask mandates that are essential in extreme situations like those of today.

Even though Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, has now officially left office, his influence on politics is still felt. Likewise, Niccolò Machiavelli, a political philosopher, died almost half a millennium ago yet his ideas still can explain politics, particularly the actions and ideology of the last president.